W. Cramer, Climate Change, Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects, pp.979-1037, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01755791

B. Sultan and M. Gaetani, Agriculture in West Africa in the twenty-first century: climate change and impacts scenarios, and potential for adaptation, Frontiers in Plant Science, vol.7, p.1262, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01355123

J. Knox, T. Hess, A. Daccache, and T. Wheeler, Climate change impacts on crop productivity in Africa and South Asia, Environ. Res. Lett, vol.7, p.34032, 2012.

P. Roudier, S. Sultan, P. Quirion, and A. Berg, The impact of future climate change on West African crop yields: what does the recent literature say?, Glob. Environ. Change, vol.21, pp.1073-1083, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00715355

C. Arndt, F. Asante, and J. Thurlow, Implications of climate change for Ghana's economy, vol.7, pp.7214-7231, 2015.

T. Iizumi, Responses of crop yield growth to global temperature and socioeconomic changes, Scientific Reports, vol.7, 2017.

B. Parkes, D. Defrance, B. Sultan, P. Ciais, and X. H. Wang, Projected changes in crop yield mean and variability over West Africa in a world 1.5K warmer than the pre-industrial era, Earth System Dynamics, vol.9, pp.119-134, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01584208

K. Guan, B. Sultan, M. Biasutti, C. Baron, and D. B. Lobell, Assessing climate adaptation options and uncertainties for cereal systems in West Africa, Agr. Forest Meteorol, vol.232, pp.291-305, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01497212

B. Sultan, Assessing climate change impacts on sorghum and millet yields in the Sudanian and Sahelian savannas of West Africa, Environmental Research Letters, vol.8, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00857331

G. C. Nelson, The Costs of Agricultural Adaptation to Climate Change

A. Ignaciuk and D. Mason-d'croz, Modelling Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture, OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers, vol.70, 2014.

T. Iizumi, Crop production losses associated with anthropogenic climate change for 1981-2010 compared with preindustrial levels, International Journal of Climatology, 2018.

R. Mizuta, Over 5000 years of ensemble future climate simulations by 60 km global and 20 km regional atmospheric models, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, vol.98, pp.1383-1398, 2016.

H. Shiogama, Attributing historical changes in probabilities of record-breaking daily temperature and precipitation extreme events, SOLA, vol.12, pp.225-231, 2016.

Y. Imada, Recent enhanced seasonal temperature contrast in Japan from large ensemble high-resolution climate simulations, vol.8, 2017.

I. Harris, P. D. Jones, T. J. Osborn, and D. H. Lister, Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations -the CRU TS3.10 Dataset, International Journal of Climatology, vol.34, pp.623-642, 2014.

T. Iizumi, H. Takikawa, Y. Hirabayashi, N. Hanasaki, and M. Nishimori, Contributions of different bias-correction methods and reference meteorological forcing data sets to uncertainty in projected temperature and precipitation extremes, Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, vol.122, pp.7800-7819, 2017.

D. Rowell, Initial Lists of AMMA-2050 User-Relevant Climate Metrics, 2015.

P. Q. Craufurd, V. Vadez, S. V. Jagadish, P. V. Prasad, and M. Zaman-allah, Crop science experiments designed to inform crop modeling, Agric. For. Meteorol, vol.170, pp.8-18, 2013.

J. W. White, G. Hoogenboom, B. Kimball, and G. W. Wall, Methodologies for simulating impacts of climate change on crop production, Food Crop. Res, vol.124, pp.357-368, 2011.

C. Baron, From GCM grid cell to agricultural plot: scale issues affecting modelling of climate impact, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.360, pp.2095-2108, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00122721

M. Kouressy, M. Dingkuhn, M. Vaksmann, and A. B. Heinemann, Adaptation to diverse semi-arid environments of sorghum genotypes having different plant type and sensitivity to photoperiod, Agric. For. Meteorol, vol.148, pp.357-71, 2008.

A. Mishra, Sorghum yield prediction from seasonal rainfall forecasts in Burkina Faso, Agric. For. Meteorol, vol.148, pp.1798-814, 2008.

T. R. Sinclair and M. M. Ludlow, Influence if soil water supply on the plant water balance of four tropical grain legumes, Aust. J. Plant Physiol, vol.13, pp.329-341, 1986.

S. B. Traoré, Characterizing and modeling the diversity of cropping situations under climatic constraints in West, Africa Atmos. Sci. Lett, vol.12, pp.89-95, 2011.

C. Monfreda, N. Ramankutty, and J. A. Foley, Farming the planet: 2. Geographic distribution of crop areas, yields, physiological types, and net primary production in the year 2000, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, vol.22, 2008.

N. D. Mueller, Closing yield gaps through nutrient and water management, Nature, vol.490, pp.254-257, 2012.

R. Marteau, The onset of the rainy season and farmers' sowing strategy for pearl millet cultivation in Southwest Niger, Agric. For. Meteorol, vol.151, pp.1356-69, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00551984

F. T. Portmann, S. Siebert, and P. Döll, MIRCA2000-Global monthly irrigated and rainfed crop areas around the year 2000: A new high-resolution data set for agricultural and hydrological modeling, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, vol.24, 1011.

S. Siebert, A global data set of the extent of irrigated land from 1900 to, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci, vol.19, pp.1521-1545, 2005.

R. G. Allen, L. S. Pereira, D. Raes, and M. Smith, Crop evapotranspiration -Guidelines for computing crop water requirements-FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56, vol.300, p.5109, 1998.

S. Salack, Impacts des Changements Climatiques sur la Production du Mil et du Sorgho Dans Les Sites Pilotes du Plateau Central, 2006.

W. Schlenker and D. B. Lobell, Robust negative impacts of climate change on African agriculture, Environ. Res. Lett, vol.5, pp.1-8, 2010.

K. H. Cook and E. K. Vizy, Detection and analysis of an amplified warming of the Sahara Desert, Journal of Climate, vol.28, pp.6560-6580, 2015.

S. E. Nicholson, C. Funk, and A. H. Fink, Rainfall over the African continent from the 19th through the 21st century, Global and Planetary Change, vol.165, pp.114-127, 2017.

C. M. Taylor, Frequency of extreme Sahelian storms tripled since 1982 in satellite observations, Nature, vol.544, pp.475-478, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01630882

G. Panthou, T. Vischel, and T. Lebel, Recent trends in the regime of extreme rainfall in the Central Sahel, Int. J. Climatol, vol.34, pp.3998-4006, 2014.

A. Berg, N. De-noblet-ducoudre, B. Sultan, M. Lengaigne, and M. Guimberteau, Projections of climate change impacts on potential C4 crop productivity over tropical regions, Agric. For. Meteorol, vol.170, pp.89-102, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01496000

B. Sultan, Robust features of future climate change impacts on sorghum yields in West Africa, Environ. Res. Lett, vol.9, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01317169

A. J. Challinor, A meta-analysis of crop yield under climate change and adaptation, Nat. Clim. Change, vol.4, pp.287-291, 2014.

, Scientific RepoRtS |, vol.9, p.12834, 2019.

, which was produced under the SOUSEI programme sponsored by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. The CYGMA crop model simulations were conducted on the High-Performance Cluster Computing System of the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Information Technology Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of